I think throws and Result can be seen as addressing different corners of the design space. As the rationale describes, throws was designed for systemic errors, which tend to have a large distance between error source and error handler, so source and handler end up needing to be rather loosely coupled, which was a motivator for the exception-like propagation and lack of specific typing in the current throws feature. Result on the other hand is great for conditions that are intended to be immediately handled by the caller, for which being an regular return value with a more specific failure type is in fact the more convenient representation.